5th July 2023

8:30 - 9:30: From Quarks to Gluons to Exotic Hadrons

Gernot Eichmann

With recent experimental evidence for tetraquarks and pentaquarks, hadron spectroscopy is nowadays a cutting-edge area of research with the LHC among its central facilities. Hadrons are bound states of quarks and gluons in QCD, the theory of the strong interaction, but their spectrum and structure are much richer than the naïve quark model suggests and governed by nonperturbative phenomena such as confinement and dynamical mass generation. I will make a survey through some open questions in QCD, with an emphasis on the structure of exotic hadrons and multiquarks, and connect them with the key underlying phenomena of mass generation for quarks and gluons. I will highlight recent advances with functional methods, which allow one to compute hadron properties from first principles. Systematic improvements in this approach have made it possible to address a wide range of problems from multiquark spectroscopy to form factors, parton distributions, the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, and the QCD phase diagram.

9:30 - 10:00: Analysis of Subdaily Meteorological Measurements by Louis Morin in Paris, 1665–1713 CE

Thomas Pliemon

Recent decades have witnessed a growing interest in past climate variability and climate change. This is related to the study of global warming resulting from the anthropogenic enhancement of the greenhouse effect. Prior to the 17th century and prior to the establishment of national meteorological networks, information on past climates must necessarily be drawn from non-instrumental man-made sources and from proxy evidence obtained from natural archives. In the 17th century in Europe, either the first measuring instruments were developed or significantly further developed for various meteorological variables. Thus, weather events began to be quantified and the first meteorological networks were created.

Louis Morin achieved outstanding: In the period between 1665 and 1713, he recorded various meteorological variables and documented them in tabular form. The data sets consist of instrumental measurements (temperature, air pressure and humidity) and descriptive observations (precipitation, cloud motion direction, cloud cover and others). Furthermore, it is impressive that the measurements/observations were performed and noted almost daily. Due to his strictly planned daily routine he measured/observed three times a day at fixed day times.
Based on copies of the original data (source: Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research) we perform climate reconstructions for Paris. The focus lies on the following meteorological variables: temperature, cloudiness, moving direction of clouds, precipitation and humidity. We compare the early instrumental temperature dataset with statistical methods and proxy data to validate the measurements in terms of inhomogeneities and claim that they are, apart from small inhomogeneities, reliable. The so called Late Maunder Minimum (LMM; 1675- 1715) is characterized by cold winters and falls and moderate springs and summers with respect to the reference period of 1961–1990. Winter months show a significantly lower frequency of the westerly direction in the movement of the clouds. This reduction of advection from the ocean leads to a cooling in Paris in winter. Consequently, the unusually cold winters in the LMM are largely caused by a lower frequency of the westerly direction in the movement of the clouds. An impact analysis reveals that the winter of 1708/09 was a devastating one with respect to consecutive ice days, although other winters are more pronounced (e.g., the winters of 1676/77, 1678/79, 1683/84, 1692/93, 1694/95, and 1696/97) in terms of mean temperature, ice days, cold days, or consecutive cold days.

An investigation of the cloud cover data revealed a high discrepancy, with the winter season (DJF, −14.0 %), the spring season (MAM, −20.8 %), the summer season (JJA, −17.9 %), and the fall season (SON, −18.0 %) showing negative anomalies of total cloud cover with respect to the 30-year mean of the ERA5 data (1981–2010). Further, using Morin's observations, we created reconstructions of precipitation on a daily basis. According to our reconstruction outstanding wet seasons with precipitation totals greater than 250 mm occurred in MAM 1682, JJA 1682, SON 1687, JJA 1697 and JJA 1703. Difficult, however, is the interpretation of the humidity measurements, which he led from 1701 to 1711.
In summary, Morin’s measurements and observations are exceptional, and can be used to describe climatological conditions between 1665 and 1713 and also, due to the daily resolution, to describe the daily weather.

10:30 - 11:00: Printing 2D-3D Plasmonic Nanostructures via FEBID

Verena Reisecker

The field of plasmonics remains a highly investigated branch of nano-photonics due to its outstanding physics and manifold application areas, such as sensors, optoelectronics or catalysis. Out of the grand selection of plasmonic nanostructures, for now, mostly planar geometries have been examined either by themselves or as part of arrays, which is owed to the structural limitations imposed by commonly used lithography fabrication techniques [1]. Extending such structures to not only the third dimension but increasing the degree of complexity, flexibility and predictability would pave the way for yet unrealized plasmonic applications in 3D space.  
One technique, capable of checking all boxes to achieve such nanostructures with feature sizes down to the sub-10 nm range is Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID), where a focused electron beam is used to dissociate and deposit surface adsorbed precursor molecules at a specific location. By precisely controlling the exposure time and translation in xy-direction, highly complex 3D structures can be printed in a single step on most materials and almost any surface morphology. As the technique uses organometallic precursors, a subsequent purification procedure based on electron irradiation in H2O vapor environment was developed and further refined to remove carbon after printing and thereby produce fully metallic deposits, while maintaining complex shapes [2,3].
Based on these prior achievements, we herein demonstrate the suitability of FEBID for the flexible preparation of 2D-3D gold nanostructures and verify their plasmonic activity via scanning transmission electron microscopy – electron energy loss spectroscopy. Simulations of simple particle shapes using the boundary element method to solve Maxwell`s equations [4] are in remarkably good agreement with the experimental results. By that, a top-to-bottom approach is introduced and validated for 3D nanostructures, starting with a model according to the desired plasmonic activity, prior to the actual fabrication.

 

References:

[1] Kasani, S.; Curtin, K. and N. Wu, "A Review of 2D and 3D Plasmonic Nanostructure Array Patterns: Fabrication, Light Management and Sensing Applications." Nanophotonics, 8 (12), 2065–2089, 2019

[2] Winkler, R.; Fowlkes, J. D.; Rack, P. D. and H. Plank, "3D Nanoprinting via Focused Electron Beams.", J. Appl. Phys., 125 (21), 2019

[3] Winkler, R., F. P. Schmidt, U. Haselmann, J. D. Fowlkes, B. B. Lewis, G. Kothleitner, P. D. Rack and H. Plank, "Direct-write 3D nanoprinting of plasmonic structures." ACS Appl. Mater. 9.9, 8233-8240, 2017

[4] Hohenester, U. and A. Trügler, "MNPBEM–A Matlab toolbox for the simulation of plasmonic nanoparticles." Comput. Phys. Commun. 183.2, 370-381, 2012

 

11:00 - 11:30: High Precision 3D Nanoprinting via Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition and
Controlled Spatial Bending via Electron Beam Curing

Anna Weitzer

3D printing via Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (3D-FEBID) is one of the very few additive direct-write manufacturing techniques capable of creating highly precise 3-dimensional structures at the nanoscale. While sub-100 nm features can be done on a regular basis with high design flexibility and varying precursor materials, optimized conditions enable structural ele-ments down to the sub 20 nm regime. This technique is meanwhile well-established for mesh-like architectures [1], meaning individual nanowires, which are spatially connected in 3D space. The next logical step is the expansion from wires to sheet-like structures, to extend 3D design possibilities, as recently introduced [2].
One of the main reasons preventing a straight-forward deposition of high-fidelity FEBID sheets is local beam heating. This process strongly influences local growth rates, which, although well-understood for meshed structures, becomes a real challenge for sheet-like architectures of vary-ing element widths. Thereby additional dependencies on the dimensions of built objects as well as on the XY pixel position within the structures arise. Furthermore, electron trajectories are more complex in sheet-like objects, introducing additional proximity effects. To minimize these shape-disrupting effects, we combined 3D-FEBID experiments with finite-difference simulations and developed a Python compensation tool. We were thereby able to stabilize the growth for each XY pixel point in all individual patterning planes by pre-determined parameter adjustments. We then expanded our compensation model towards more advanced structures, such as vertical screws, inclined segments and non-rectangular shapes like trapezoids. All improvements combined led to a “construction kit” tool that is able to build compound structures with very high shape fidelity. We thereby crucially improved FEBID-based 3D na-noprinting of closed and consequently mixed objects.

In a next step, we applied post-growth electron beam curing (EBC) [3] to sheet-like 3D objects, to evaluate, whether this approach opens up new possibilities. In the process, structures are again irradiated by electrons, this time, however, without precursor gas present and only at selected areas. This impacts the inner structure and thereby the overall volume of ex-posed regions and, if only applied partially, enables controlled bending deformations. To gain a greater insight on this manner we performed experimental series and analyzed the resulting structures via SEM, TEM and AFM. We complemented these investigations by Mon-te Carlo Simulations to explore and identify ideal parameters for smooth, stable and reproduci-ble morphological bending. In our studies, we included a variety of parameters, such as primary electron energy, overall dose, point pitch, dwell time, and beam incidence angle to achieve controlled and reproducible results. The expansion to more complex EBC patterns allows sophis-ticated bending, which, beyond morphological implications, is useful for functional imprinting of varying material properties in EBC-treated regions. We thereby extended the post-growth treatment possibilities of FEBID, showing both, flexibility and impact of EBC.
With this combined approach of strongly improved high-precision 3D-FEBID and post-deposition shape adjustments, we were able to open up entirely new design and tuning possibilities for high-fidelity nanostructures, some of which clearly go beyond the capabilities of sole 3D-FEBID.

[1] R. Winkler et al.; 3D nanoprinting via focused electron beams; Journal of Applied Physics 125 (2019), 210901.

[2] A. Weitzer et al.; Expanding FEBID-Based 3D-Nanoprinting toward Closed High-Fidelity Nano-architectures; ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 4 (2) (2022), 744.

[3] F. Porrati et al.; Tuning the electrical conductivity of Pt-containing granular metals by post-growth electron irradiation; Journal of Applied Physics 109 (2011), 063715.

 

11:30 - 12:00: Exploring 2DEG at the TiO2/LaAlO3 interface using STEM-EELS and DPC

Michael Oberaigner

Recent research on transition metal oxides has focused on their fascinating behaviour at heterostructural interfaces, particularly the formation of a high-charge-density two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Although successful integration of oxide interfaces on silicon [1] and writing nanowires with 2 nm width on the SrTiO3/LaAlO3 interface [2] have been achieved, the fundamentals of the 2DEG formation are still debated. Understanding and characterising of oxide interfaces is crucial for reliable application in electronic devices and manipulation of electrical property.

A 2DEG with promising electrical properties is also present at the interface of anatase TiO2 and lanthanum aluminate LaAlO3 [3], which we will discuss in this talk. We utilize scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to map directly individual electronic states, which are responsible for the 2DEG formation. The experiments are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and multislice simulation. The good agreement between experiments and defect-free simulation indicates that the 2DEG is formed by electronic reconstruction. However, STEM-EELS and differential phase contrast imaging (DPC) reveal an accumulation of oxygen vacancies and cation intermixing, which can influence the properties of the 2DEG.

The direct mapping of such an electron gas opens up new ways of investigating heterostructures in electronics. Combined with DPC experiments, we are a step closer to a fully characterization of complex oxide heterostructures.

[1]     Cen et al., Science 323, 1026–1030 (2009)
[2]     Park et al., Nature Communications 1, 94 (2010)
[3]     Minohara et al., Nano Letters 14, 6743–6746 (2014)

 

13:30 - 14:00: Configuration interaction based nonequilibrium steady state impurity solver

Daniel Werner

We present a solver for correlated impurity problems out of equilibrium based on a combination of the so-called auxiliary master equation approach (AMEA) and the configuration interaction expansion. Within AMEA one maps the original impurity model onto an auxiliary open quantum system with a restricted number of bath sites which can be addressed by numerical many-body approaches such as Lanczos/Arnoldi exact diagonalization (ED) or matrix product states (MPS). While the mapping becomes exponentially more accurate with increasing number of bath sites, ED implementations are severely limited due to the fast increase of the Hilbert space dimension for open systems, and the MPS solver typically requires rather long runtimes. Here, we propose to adopt a configuration interaction approach augmented by active space extension to solve numerically the correlated auxiliary open quantum system. This allows access to a larger number of bath sites at lower computational costs than for plain ED. We benchmark the approach with numerical renormalization group results in equilibrium and with MPS out of equilibrium. In particular, we evaluate the current, the conductance as well as the Kondo peak and its splitting as a function of increasing bias voltage below the Kondo temperature TK. We obtain a rather accurate scaling of the conductance as a function of the bias voltage and temperature rescaled by TK for moderate to strong interactions in a wide range of parameters. The approach combines the fast runtime of ED with an accuracy close to the one achieved by MPS making it an attractive solver for nonequilibrium dynamical mean field theory.

14:00 - 14:30: The CHEOPS mission - Exploring planets in distant stellar systems

Andreas Krenn

Our Sun has 8 planets orbiting it. However, our Solar system is by far not unique in the universe. Many stars have planetary companions. These planets orbiting stars different to our sun are called extrasolar planets (or short: exoplanets). Since the first ever detection of an exoplanet in 1992, more than 5300 exoplanets have been confirmed. As exoplanet science progressed since the early 90s the focus shifted from only detecting the planetary signals to actually being able to characterise these distant worlds. The Characterising Exoplanet Satellite (CHEOPS), launched in 2019 and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), uses the fact that some of these exoplanets pass in front of their star and block some of the emitted light (transit), to determine certain properties like the planetary radius and reflective characteristics of the planetary atmosphere. This presentation will give a general overview of exoplanet science and will introduce the CHEOPS mission and the extraordinary science it produces. It will especially focus on some recently published observations, which were led by scientists at the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Science as part of the CHEOPS Science Team.

15:00 - 15:30: Strong-field Fourier Transform Ion Spectroscopy

Zhenhao Wang


The selection rules are significantly relaxed when molecules interact with an intense laser field in the tunneling regime, primarily due to the distorted Coulomb potential of the nuclei. Field-induced rotation, vibronic excitation, and ionization prepare both the nuclear wavepacket and the electronic wavepacket in neutral molecules and/or molecular ions, spanning a broad range of energy. As the intense laser pulse leaves the molecule, these wavepackets evolve under a field-free Coulomb potential, containing rich structural and dynamic information about the molecule and/or molecular ions. The real-time evolution of these wavepackets is monitored by another intense laser pulse, which induces dissociation and ionization. The yield of fragments and molecular ions is recorded at various time delays between the two laser pulses. The amplitude and phase of these wavepackets are imprinted in the ion yield and can be decoded through time-frequency analysis.

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15:30 - 16:00: Thin Film Forming Properties and Polymorphism of a Benzothieno Benzothiphene Derivative

Ann Maria James

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) offer distinct advantages over inorganic counterparts for thin-film transistor applications. Among them, benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) core-based small molecules are promising as p-type semiconductors. This study investigated the crystal structure, film-forming properties, and polymorphism of OEG BTBT (FD44), a BTBT derivative. High-quality single crystals of FD44 were grown on a Si substrate, revealing a monoclinic phase with a packing arrangement favoring charge transport. We also examined thin film formation through solution processing and physical vapor deposition, achieving mobilities of 6 x 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 on devices with physical vapor-deposited OEG-BTBT as the active channel layer. Furthermore, polymorphism studies performed on OEG-BTBT discovered three forms through classical screening and four additional forms employing the surface as a crystallization mediator. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) analysis was used to collect the lattice parameter information for three-phase pure surface-exclusive polymorphs. Also, for our system of polymorphs, a fascinating memory effect was demonstrated upon recrystallizing from the melt. We conducted a comprehensive analysis using non-ambient temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction and hotstage microscopy techniques. After the analysis, we could conclude that the potentiality of recrystallizing into the same phase is limited to a particular temperature value. Moreover, we could successfully illustrate the melting point, induction time, and crystal growth kinetics associated with these new polymorphic forms. In summary, our findings shed light on the crystal structure, film properties, and polymorphism of OEG-BTBT, exploring its potential for organic electronic devices and uncovering insights into memory effects in polymorphic systems.

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Poster session:

 
Till Käufer: Analysing the SEDs of protoplanetary disks with machine learning
 
Masud Hamidi: Mie voids and Babinet's principle for dielectric materials
 
Diana Shakirova: Chiral sensing with dielectric metasurfaces
 
Sergei Gladyshev: How to obtain modes in optical fibers
 
Nidhi Bangera: Disequilibrium chemistry in the atmospheres of gas-giant exoplanets
 
David Lewis: Cloud formation in exoplanet atmospheres
 
Robert di Vora: UV Dual-Comb Spectroscopy with Femtosecond Temporal Resolution
 
Elena Suslina: Dust and molecules in edge-on protoplanetary discs
 
Thorsten Balduin: Size-dependent charging of dust particles in protoplanetary disks
 
Michelle Brugger-Hatzl: 3D-Nanoprinting of advanced high-resolution Magnetic Force Microscopy Tips

Florian Lindner: Studying porous materials with Brillouin light scattering

Samuel Graf: Nanoporous Copper for Bio-Catalysis

Noah Hourigan: Measuring the Surface Parameters of Metal Intercalated Graphene